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44 I I industry report _ Calamus Dual 3D Obturation System related to dentine being a poor conductor of heat; further, moisture within the periodontal ligament serves to wick off excessive heat. Owing to the efficient transfer of heat into the apical extent of the gutta-percha master cone, the small-sized,pre-fitpluggerneednotbeplacedcloser than 5mm from the canal terminus. This plugger is stepped around the circumference of the canal to maximise the volume of gutta-percha available to achieve optimal hydraulics. A sustained five-second vertical press with this plugger will deliver a con- trolledthermo-softenedwaveofwarmgutta-percha into the narrowing cross-sectional diameters of the prepared canal and result in apical corkage (Fig. 9b). Again, a sustained five-second press with this small-sized,pre-fitpluggerservestooffsetshrinkage during the cooling cycle. Following the down-pack, a working film frequently reveals filled accessory canals coronal to the more apical mass of gutta- percha(Fig.10).Oncetherootcanalhasbeenproperly shaped and the root-canal system cleaned, then the material occupying the lateral anatomy may be all gutta-percha, all sealer, but is typically a mixture of both. Calamusback-pack When the down-pack has been completed and the apical one-third corked, reverse filling the canal is important to eliminate radicular dead space. The Calamus Flow reverse filling technique, or what is termed the back-pack, is easy, fast and 3-D. Thermo-softened gutta-percha is readily dis- pensedintoashapedcanalutilisingtheCalamusFlow handpiece in conjunction with a 20- or 23-gauge cartridge.Anewcartridgeisselectedandinsertedinto the heating chamber and secured by tightening the cartridgenut.Aprotectiveheatshieldmaybeusedto prevent inadvertent thermal injury and is inserted overthecannulaandtheheatingchamberportionof the handpiece prior to back-filling the canal. When the Calamus Flow handpiece is activated, an internal plunger travels toward the heating chamber and the cartridge, which is filled with gutta-percha. In this manner,theplungerservestopushthermo-softened material out of the heated cartridge, through the cannula and into the canal. The tip of the warm cannula is positioned against the down-packed gutta-percha for five seconds to Fig.11a_ThetipofthewarmCalamus Flowcannulaservestore-thermo- softenthecoronalmostaspectofthe previouslypackedgutta-percha. Fig. 11b_The activation cuff on the Calamus Flow handpiece is pressed and a small 2 to 3 mm segment of warm gutta-percha dispensed into this region of the canal. Fig. 11c_The small-sized, pre-fit plugger is used to condense warm gutta-percha and generate a reverse WOC. Fig. 12a_The Calamus Flow handpiece is activated and a little longer, 3 to 4 mm, segment of warm gutta-percha is dispensed into this region of the canal. Fig. 12b_A medium-sized, pre-fit plugger densely compacts warm gutta-percha vertically and laterally into this region of the canal. Fig. 13_This figure illustrates that the potential to fill root-canal systems is largely dependent on shaping canals and 3-D cleaning. roots1_2011 Fig. 11a Fig. 11b Fig. 11c Fig. 12a Fig. 12b Fig. 13