Dental Tribune Middle East & Africa Edition

Practice Matters DENTALTRIBUNE Middle East & Africa Edition Lateral cephalometric radi- ographs, are an important tool for orthodontic analysis in diagnosis, treatment planning and the moni- toring of craniofacial growth. Cephalometric analysis supports the clinical examination and helps to identify the source of the prob- lemsinskeletaland/ordentalrela- tionships. Dentofacial problems areidentifiedandthemagnitudeof problem is acknowledged, in part, bycomparingpatientcephalomet- ric values to a standard or normal data base. Two well known and commonlyusedCaucasiannormal databasesforcomparisonarefrom the Steiner (1952) and Eastman (MacAllister 1992) samples based upon Class I normal faces and oc- clusions.Itisalsoessentialtocom- parepatientswithdifferentmaloc- clusions to their specific popula- tion norms (Moyers 1988). Knowl- edge of the normal dentofacial patternsofadultsbelongingtovar- ious ethnic and groups is certainly important for clinical purposes, butalsoresearchpurposesaswell. Many studies related to cephalometric and profile norms have been published for subjects from America, Europe, and Japan, India, Iran, and China. There have also been several cephalometric normative studies focused on sub- jects from the Middle East includ- ing Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Egypt, Syria, and Jordan. To date, there have been no cephalometric nor- mative studies conducted on sub- jects from the United Arab Emi- rates. Seven cephalometric norma- tive studies that have been con- ducted based upon Arab subjects. In general, there is a consensus of literature indicating the Arab cephalometric pattern compared to the Caucasian cephalometric pattern is skeletally bimaxillary retrusive, dentally bimaxillary protrusive, more divergent palatal and mandibular planes, with longer anterior face height. The aim of this study was to clarify the cephalometric features ofEmiratesadultswithClassImal- occlusion and to evaluate for gen- der differences. The null hypothe- sis tested was no differences in lat- eralcephalometricmeasurements as a function of gender. METHODS and MATE- RIALS Sample The sample was selected, with permission, from Abu Dhabi Den- talCenterlocatedonAbuDhabiIs- land. All individuals selected were from a patient record pool repre- senting Emirati nationals seeking orthodontictreatment. Diagnostic quality cephalometric radi- ographsof61subjectswerechosen (30 male and 31 female) for evalu- ation based upon the following selection criteria:  age range between 18 and 35 years at the time of the cephalometric radiograph  harmonious profile(as evi- denced on the lateral cephalometric radiograph)  Class I molar relationship (as evidenced on the lateral cephalometric radiograph)  no history of trauma  no history of orthodontic treatment  permanent dentition only  no multiple missing teeth  UAEnative(national)only(as evidenced by family name). Procedures Patient files located at Abu Dhabi Dental Center were ran- domly inspected for the presence of lateral cephalometric radi- ographs and included in the sam- ple based upon diagnostic quality and the selection criteria. The lat- eral cephalograms were then scanned into digital format using a 300 DPI scan setting. Commonly used cephalomet- ric hard and soft tissue landmarks and measurements were utilized in the study resulting in 12 angular (Figure 1) and 10 linear (Figure 2) measurements. Dolphin Imaging System soft- warepackageversion9wasusedto perform the digital cephalometric analysis comprised of 12 angular (Figure 1) and 9 linear (Figure 2) measurements, and one ratio measurement. Cephalometric analysis was repeated on five lateral head films inordertotestforreliability.Analy- sis was repeated one and two weeks later on the same five cephalograms and the results of the three testing phases were sta- tistically compared using the Dahlberg reliability formula. In- tra-operator error ranged from 0.0 to 0.73 degrees for angular meas- urementsand0.0to.43millimeters for linear measurements, no dif- ferences were determined (p>.05) and intra-operator reliability was deemed satisfactory. Statistical Analysis Data was entered on an Excel spreadsheet then converted to SPSS format for data processing. TheStudent’st-testwasusedtode- terminesignificantdifferencesbe- tween male and female measure- ment means. Significant differ- ences were determined at the 95% probability level. A difference of 2 degree or 2 millimeters was con- sidered clinically significant. RESULTS The lateral cephalometric ra- diographs of Emirati nationals withClassImalocclusionwerean- alyzed in order to establish a nor- mative database representing the United Arab Emirates. Lateral cephalometric radiographs of 30 males with average age of 24.52 ±6.09yearsand31femalesaverag- ing 23.57 ±5.52 years were ana- lyzed. Twenty-two hard and soft tis- sue measurements comprised the cephalometric analysis. Only one measurement was determined to be statistically different between genders. The measurement SN-PP was significantly larger in the fe- male group (10.74 ±3.44 degrees) compared to males (8.43 ±3.95 de- grees, p=.018). (Table 1) 8 Nena Puga Tel.: +1 310 696 9025 E-mail: nena@gidedental.com website: www.gidedental.com Contact in Athens: Lito Christophilopoulou +30 210 213 2084, +30 210 222 2637 E-mail: lito@omnipress.gr, omnipress@omnipress.gr Web:www.omnicongresses.gr Register & More Information at: Contact in the US: SPONSORS coltene whalledent Media Partner: AD Cephalometric Norms in an Adult Emirati Population with Class I Malocclusion By: Tayseer Al Zain, DDS, MSD, and Donald J. Ferguson, DMD, MSD Fig laruganveleTw:1reuFig m Fig ºNS-GnS ºGnGo-PP ºGnGo-SN PPº-SN BºAN BºSN AºSN hen td ieusntsemeursaem laruganveleTw:1reuFig :tudys ºo'P-Sn-G' º’ULn’-S-’olC ºL1-U1 ºnoGG-L1 PºP-U1 me Fig mmBNtoL1 mmANoU1 t mmPgo A1 tL hen td ieusntsemeursame arneilneT:2reuFig :tudys OJ( oN thend)BO(bi)OJ voismargan diwn ioht so mm'gn’PSLL’ to mm'gP’Snot’LU '%eM-/G'’nS-G' mm’eMn’-S mm’Sn-G’ B mmO J mmO io trjeev G' OJ( %.e'M-/G'’nS-G' thenda)BO(tebirove,)OJ iorat * = p<.05 Table 1: Descriptive normative lateral cephalometric statistics including means and standard deviations (SD) and probability (P) value for male and female subjects with sample size (n) indicated. Measurement Males (n=30) Females (n=31) T value P valuemean SD mean SD SNAº 82.5 5.05 80.8 5.64 1.24 .221 SNBº 79.6 3.90 77.6 4.82 1.78 .080 ANBº 3.0 3.11 3.3 2.40 -.43 .673 SN-PPº 8.4 3.44 10.7 3.95 -2.43 .018* SN-GoGnº 33.3 5.37 35.9 7.00 -1.64 .107 PP-GoGnº 24.8 4.57 25.2 7.03 -.22 .829 SGn-SNº 69.0 3.78 71.0 4.61 -1.78 .080 U1-PPº 116.3 5.34 116.3 6.17 .01 .994 L1-GoGnº 100.5 6.32 99.8 7.41 .39 .700 L1 to APg mm 5.8 2.53 5.3 2.98 .76 .450 U1 to NA mm 6.0 3.52 6.2 3.18 -.21 .831 L1 to NB mm 6.7 2.26 6.6 2.96 .04 .972 U1-L1º 118.4 9.45 118.7 10.51 -.15 .885 OJ mm 3.3 2.20 4.3 3.63 -1.34 .185 OB mm .7 1.92 .8 2.25 -.22 .828 Col’-Sn’-UL’º 121.6 11.97 116.4 9.58 1.88 .066 G'-Sn-Po'º 24.7 5.99 23.6 6.09 .67 .507 G’-Sn’mm 65.2 5.23 68.4 12.45 -1.30 .200 Sn’-Me’mm 64.4 6.40 64.7 11.09 -.13 .895 G'-Sn’/G'-Me'% 49.9 3.26 50.8 2.74 -1.16 .252 UL’ to Sn’Pg'mm 2.4 1.90 2.8 1.83 -.85 .402 LL’ to Sn’Pg'mm 4.0 1.92 4.0 2.64 .06 .956